Non-GMO Corn Superior to GM Corn

[Kathy]

Full article link:
http://www.infowars.com/analysis-finds-
monsantos-gm-corn-nutritionally-dead-highly-
toxic-2/
A quote from article:

"Non-GMO Corn 20x Richer in Nutrition than
GMO Corn
The 2012 report, entitled 2012 Nutritional
Analysis: Comparison of GMO Corn versus Non-
GMO Corn, found numerous concerning and
notable differences between GMO and non-GMO
corn, none of which are particularly surprising.
First, the report found that non-GMO corn has
considerably more calcium, magnesium,
manganese, potassium, iron, and zinc.
• Non-GMO corn has 6130 ppm of calcium while
GMO corn has 14 – non-GMO corn has 437 times
more calcium.
• Non-GMO corn has 113 ppm of magnesium
while GMO corn has 2 – non-GMO corn has
about 56 times more magnesium.
• Non-GMO corn has 113 ppm of potassium while
GMO corn has 7 – non-GMO corn has 16 times
more potassium.
• Non-GMO corn has 14 ppm of manganese while
GMO corn has 2 – non-GMO corn has 7 times
more manganese."

See full article for details on toxins found in GMO
corn.

[oneoff]

One has to worry about toxic levels too. Whhen levels are reported to be (comparatively) so low; it brings suspicion on the test results levels reported from the supposed non-GMO samples too.

This smells really bad. In fact it has to be nonsense and isn't even worth questioning.

[oneoff]

Finally some "food" with next to no nutritional value?????

[rkaiser]

This situation is rampant oneoff. Every time "we" use a non natural process to speed up growth and think about profit over nutrition and ultimately compassion fro man kind, "we" compromise nutritional quality. Chemical fertilisers, and my personal favorite, bovine hormonal growth implants and now our infamous beta agonist ractopamine, are all doing the same thing.

A pathetic situation that can be rectified from the grassroots of our North American agricultural industry.

And any of you ABP/CCA boys who want to talk about agriculture's inability to feed a growing population on earth without the chemicals can come down to the parking lot at my office to discuss that bullshit in person.

It just simply pisses me off.

[oneoff]

rk.....I'm afraid that no matter how rational, nor how reasonable you word our arguments....the majority will counter argue based on beliefs, faith and testimonials which should be given the small credability that they deserve.

As someone once said "you can't win at any level... they will drag you down to their levels and beat you with their experience.

And hardly a shred of factual evidence will ever be produced from those "believers".

[perfecho]

Gotta love all of the "science based" rhetoric.......as if they never made a mistake!

[oneoff]

Soooo....tell us where the "mistakes" are in this supposed story about GMO corn nutrient content.

First give a definition of a mistake. Downright propaganda and false test results just don't count .... or do you claim they fall under firmly held beliefs (and maybe even some faith principle).

[oneoff]

Comparison of the Nutritional Profile of Glyphosate-Tolerant
Corn Event NK603 with That of Conventional Corn
(Zea mays L.)
WILLIAM P. RIDLEY,*,† RAVINDER S. SIDHU,† PAUL D. PYLA,†
MARGARET A. NEMETH,† MATTHEW L. BREEZE,‡ AND JAMES D. ASTWOOD†
Product Safety Center, Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard,
St. Louis, Missouri 63167, and Covance Laboratories, Inc., 3301 Kinsman Boulevard,
Madison, Wisconsin 53704
The composition of glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready) corn event NK603 was compared with
that of conventional corn grown in the United States in 1998 and in the European Union in 1999 to
assess compositional equivalence. Grain and forage samples were collected from both replicated
and nonreplicated field trials, and compositional analyses were performed to measure proximates,
fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamin E, nine minerals, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, and secondary
metabolites in grain as well as proximates and fiber in forage. Statistical analysis of the data was
conducted to assess statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level. The values for all of the biochemical
components assessed for corn event NK603 were similar to those of the nontransgenic control or
were within the published range observed for nontransgenic commercial corn hybrids. In addition,
the compositional profile of Roundup Ready corn event NK603 was compared with that of traditional
corn hybrids grown in Europe by calculating a 99% tolerance interval to describe compositional
variability in the population of traditional corn varieties in the marketplace. These comparisons, together
with the history of the safe use of corn as a common component of animal feed and human food,
support the conclusion that Roundup Ready corn event NK603 is compositionally equivalent to, and
as safe and nutritious as, conventional corn hybrids grown commercially today.
KEYWORDS: Corn (Zea mays L.); glyphosate tolerant; composition; nutritional profile
INTRODUCTION
Herbicide tolerance has been introduced, through genetic
modification, into a number of crops including corn. Glyphosate,
the active ingredient in the Roundup family (Roundup, Roundup
Ultra and Roundup Ready are registered trademarks of Monsanto
Technology LLC) of agricultural herbicides, is one of
the most widely used herbicides in the world. Since 1996,
glyphosate-tolerant or Roundup Ready crops have been developed
and commercialized for soybean (Glycine max) (1, 2),
canola (Brassica napus), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (3), and
corn (Zea mays L.) (4). Glyphosate is highly effective against
the majority of annual and perennial grasses and broad-leaf
weeds and has superior environmental and toxicological characteristics,
such as rapid soil binding (resistance to leaching)
and biodegradation (which decreases persistence), as well as
extremely low toxicity to mammals, birds, and fish (5).
Roundup Ready corn event NK603 (corn event NK603) was
produced by the stable insertion of two gene cassettes that
express 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases from
Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS). Corn event NK603
differs from Roundup Ready corn event GA21 that expresses a
modified corn EPSPS (mEPSPS) (4). The cp4 epsps genes from
Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 have been completely sequenced
and encode 47.6 kDa proteins consisting of a single polypeptide
of 455 amino acids (6). The CP4 EPSPS proteins are
functionally similar to plant EPSPS enzymes but have a much
reduced affinity for glyphosate. Glyphosate acts by inhibition
of EPSPS, an enzyme involved in the shikimic acid pathway
for aromatic acid biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms (7).
EPSPS is present in plants, bacteria, and fungi but not in animals
(8). In plants, EPSPS is localized in the chloroplasts or plastids
(9). Expression of CP4 EPSPS fused to a chloroplast transit
peptide enables targeting of this protein to the chloroplast,
thereby conferring glyphosate tolerance to the corn plant while
meeting the plant’s needs for the production of aromatic amino
acids. A comprehensive safety assessment of CP4 EPSPS protein
has been described in the literature (10).
The safety assessment of foods or feeds derived from
genetically enhanced crops addresses two major sources of
potential health consequences: (1) those due to the activity and
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed [telephone (314)
694-8441; fax (314) 694-8562; e-mail william.p.ridley@monsanto.com].
† Monsanto Co.
‡ Covance Laboratories, Inc.
J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7235-7243 7235
10.1021/jf0205662 CCC: $22.00 © 2002 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 10/30/2002
presence of the introduced trait (most often a protein) and (2)
those due to the characteristics of the resulting food or feed
crop plant (11). It was necessary for food and feed safety
evaluation of corn event NK603 to determine if any significant
changes in the nutritional profile of the crop resulted from the
insertion of the cp4 epsps genes into the corn genome or from
the presence of the CP4 EPSPS proteins. Because safety
assessment of crops has the advantage that comparisons can be
made to traditional crops, in a process referred to as substantial
equivalence [World Health Organization (WHO; 12, 13), United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO; 14), and
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD; 15-17)], the purpose of this study was to evaluate the
nutritional profile of corn event NK603 compared with that of
a nontransgenic control of similar genetic background as well
as with those of traditional corn hybrids available in the United
States and the European Union.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Corn Samples for Compositional Analysis. Grain and forage
samples were collected from field trials conducted in 1998 and 1999.
In 1998 corn was grown at six nonreplicated trials in the United States
(Richland, IA; Webster City, IA; Bagley, IA; Carlyle, IL; Indianapolis,
IN; and Andale, KS) and three replicated trials (Jerseyville, IL; New
Holland, OH; and Claude, TX). Corn event NK603 (containing the
cp4 epsps genes) in an LH82 inbred background was crossed with the
nontransgenic inbred, B73, to form the test hybrid. A hybrid formed
from the cross of two related nontrangenic inbreds, LH82 and B73,
both of which lacked the cp4 epsps gene, was used as the control. For
the nonreplicated sites, corn event NK603 was planted in one plot at
each site and the control was planted in a second plot. For the replicated
sites, corn event NK603 and its control were planted in a randomized
complete block design with four blocks or replications. The NK603
plots were treated with three applications of Roundup Ultra at preemergence,
at early postemergence (V4-V6 stage), and at late
postemergence (V8 to 30 in. tall, whichever came first). The genetic
purity of the Roundup Ready corn plants was maintained by bagging
the tassels and ear shoots at anthesis and self-pollinating each plant by
hand. Forage was collected at the late dough/early dent stage, and grain
was collected at normal kernel maturity. The forage and grain from
the Texas site were not representative of the test and control hybrids
due to above normal temperatures, below normal rainfall, and a disease
infestation with Ustilago maydis. Grain from the Kansas site was also
of poor quality and poor yield caused by weather and Ustilago
infestation. Consequently, these samples from both the Texas and
Kansas sites were not used for compositional analysis. Forage and grain
samples were ground to a fine powder in the presence of dry ice and
maintained frozen until required for compositional analysis. The identity
of forage samples was based on sample-handling records and CP4
EPSPS enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay (ELISA) analyses. The
identity of the grain samples was based on sample-handling records,
CP4 EPSPS ELISA, and Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA
isolated from the grain.
In 1999, grain and forage samples were collected from four replicated
field sites in the European Union (EU) at Germignonville, Janville,
and L’Isle Jourdain, France, and at Banarola, Italy. Corn event NK603
was the test hybrid, and the related nontransgenic hybrid was the control
in these trials. In addition to the test and control corn hybrids, a total
of 19 different conventional, commercial hybrids (five per site with
one hybrid planted at two sites) were planted as references. The
conventional, commercial hybrids with the supplier noted in parentheses
were Chantal, Oural, Rival, Liberal, Radial, Total, and Tevere (Asgrow);
Alvina, Cecilia, Kelada, and Balka (Pioneer); Aramis and Santos
(Dekalb); DK312 and DK300 (Ragt); Anjou 285 (Angevin); Banguy
(Nickerson); Cherif (Verneuil semences); and Capitol (Maisadour). The
EU replicated trials contained four replications of the test and control
plots and were based on a randomized complete block design at the
L’Isle Jourdain, France, and Banarola, Italy, sites. Due to space
limitations at the Germingnonville and Janville sites in France, the test
and control lines were not planted in the same block, and therefore an
incomplete block design was used for these two sites. A single
postemergent application of Roundup herbicide (MON 52276) at the
V4-V6 stage was made to plots containing Roundup Ready corn plants.
The genetic purity of plants was maintained, and forage and grain
samples collected as described for the 1998 U.S. field trials.
Compositional Analyses. Compositional analyses were conducted
to measure proximates (protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and moisture),
acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), amino acids,
fatty acids, minerals (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc), vitamin E, phytic acid, and
trypsin inhibitor contents of grain. Proximates, ADF, and NDF contents
were measured in forage. The secondary metabolites, ferulic acid,
p-coumaric acid, 2-furaldehyde, and raffinose, were measured in grain.
All compositional analyses were performed at Covance Laboratories,
Inc. (Madison, WI). Brief descriptions of the procedures used are given
below.
Proximate Analysis. Protein levels were estimated by determining
the total nitrogen content using the Kjeldahl method, as previously
described (18, 19). Protein was calculated from total nitrogen using
the formula N 6.25. Fat content of the grain was estimated by using
the Soxhlet extraction method (20). Fat content of forage was
determined by fat-acid hydrolysis, followed by extraction with ether
and hexane (21, 22).
Ash content was estimated by ignition of a sample in an electric
furnace and quantitation of the ash by gravimetric analysis (23).
Moisture content was determined by loss of weight upon drying in a
vacuum oven at 100 °C to a constant weight (24, 25). Carbohydrate
levels were estimated by using the fresh weight-derived data and the
following equation (26):
Fiber Analysis. ADF was estimated by treating the sample with an
acidic boiling detergent solution to dissolve the protein, carbohydrate,
and ash. An acetone wash removed the fats and pigments. The
lignocellulose fraction was collected and determined gravimetrically
(27). The NDF was estimated by treating the sample with a neutral
boiling detergent solution to dissolve the protein, enzymes, carbohydrate,
and ash. An acetone wash removed the fats and pigments.
Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin fractions were collected and
determined gravimetrically (27, 28).
Minerals. To estimate the levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium,
manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc, inductively
coupled plasma emission spectrometry was used as described in AOAC
methods (29, 30) and the literature method of Dahlquist et al. (31).
The sample was dried, precharred, and ashed overnight at 500 °C.
The ashed sample was treated with hydrochloric acid, taken to dryness,
and placed in a solution of 5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid. The amount of
each element was determined at appropriate wavelengths by comparing
the emission of the unknown sample, measured by the inductively
coupled plasma, with the emission of a standard solution.
Amino Acid Composition. Three procedures described in the literature
(32) were used to estimate the values for 18 amino acids in corn grain.
The procedure for tryptophan required a base hydrolysis with sodium
hydroxide. The sulfur-containing amino acids required an oxidation
with performic acid before hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. Analysis
of the samples for the remaining amino acids was accomplished through
direct hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. The individual amino acids
were then quantitated using an automated amino acid analyzer.
Fatty Acid Composition. The lipid in the grain samples was extracted
and saponified with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide in methanol. The
saponification mixture was methylated with 14% boron trifluoride/
methanol. The resulting methyl esters were extracted with heptane
containing an internal standard. The methyl esters of the fatty acids
were analyzed by gas chromatography using external standards for
quantitation (33).
Vitamin E. Vitamin E in grain was determined following saponification
to break down any fat and release the vitamin as described by
% carbohydrate )
100% - (% protein % fat % ash % moisture)
7236 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 2002 Ridley et al.
Cort et al. (34). The saponified mixture was extracted with ethyl ether
and then quantitated directly by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) on a silica gel column.
Phytic Acid. Phytic acid was quantitated in grain following extraction
using ultrasonication as described by Lehrfeld (35, 36). Purification
and concentration of the extract was conducted using a silica-based
anion exchange (SAX) column followed by quantitation using a polymer
HPLC column (PRP-1, 5 ím, 150 4.1 mm) fitted with a refractive
index detector.
Trypsin Inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitor activity in grain was determined
using AOCS method Ba 12-75 (37). The ground, defatted sample was
suspended in dilute sodium hydroxide, an appropriate dilution of the
suspension was made, and a series of aliquots resulting in increased
levels of the diluted suspension was mixed with trypsin and the synthetic
substrate, benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide. After 10 min, the action
of trypsin was stopped by the addition of acetic acid, the mixture was
centrifuged or filtered, and the absorbance of the supernatant or filtrate
was measured at 410 nm. Trypsin inhibitor activity was calculated from
the change in absorbance versus aliquot volume and expressed in trypsin
inhibitor units (TIU) per milligram of fresh weight of sample.
Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acids. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were
assayed in grain using the method of Hagerman and Nicholson (38),
in which the samples were extracted with methanol and the extracts
were hydrolyzed using 4 N sodium hydroxide, neutralized, and filtered.
The levels of ferulic and p-coumaric acid were determined by reversedphase
HPLC with UV detection. The limit of quantitation based on
fresh weight was 5.0 ppm for both analytes.
2-Furaldehyde. The levels of 2-furaldehyde were determined using
the method of Albala-Hurtado et al. (39), in which the corn grain was
extracted with 4% trichloroacetic acid, centrifuged, filtered, concentrated,
and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. The
limit of quantitation for 2-furaldehyde was 0.5 ppm based on fresh
weight.
Raffinose. The raffinose assay was based on two methods (40, 41)
in which the grain samples were extracted with deionized water and
the extracts were treated with a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride
in pyridine containing phenyl-R-D-glucoside as an internal standard.
The resulting oximes were converted to silyl derivatives by treatment
with hexamethyldisilazane and trifluoroacetic acid and analyzed by gas
chromatography with flame ionization detection.
Statistical Analysis of Composition Data. The following 15
analytes with >50% of the observations at or below the limit of
quantitation of the assay were excluded from statistical analysis:
sodium, 8:0 caprylic acid, 10:0 capric acid, 12:0 lauric acid, 14:0
myristic acid, 14:1 myristoleic acid, 15:0 pentadecanoic acid, 15:1
pentadecenoic acid, 16:1 palmitoleic acid, 17:0 heptadecanoic acid, 17:1
heptadecenoic acid, 18:3 ç-linolenic acid, 20:2 eicosadienoic acid, 20:3
eicosatrienoic acid, and 20:4 arachidonic acid. Except for moisture, all
component values were converted from a fresh weight to a dry weight
basis (Tables 1-5). A total of 51 components were evaluated (7 in
forage and 44 in grain) in both 1998 and 1999. The 44 components in
grain resulted from the difference between the initial 59 components
minus the 15 components having levels below the limit of quantitation.
In addition to the nutritional components, the secondary metabolites
ferulic acid, p-courmaric acid, and raffinose were analyzed in grain.
The levels of 2-furaldehyde were below the limit of quantitation of
the method (<0.5 ppm) in all samples, and therefore this secondary
metabolite was not statistically analyzed.
Table 1. Fiber, Mineral, and Proximate Composition of Grain from Corn Event NK603
1998a 1999b
componentc
NK603
mean
(range)h
controld
mean
(range)h
NK603
mean
(range)h
controld
mean
(range)h
commercial hybridse
tolerance intervalf
(range)h
lit.
(range)
historicalg
(range)h
protein 12.20 12.60 12.07 11.34 6.84, 14.57 (6.0-12.0)i
(10.30-14.77) (11.02-14.84) (10.23-13.92) (10.13-13.05) (7.77-12.99) (9.7-16.1)j (9.0-13.6)
total fat 3.61 3.67 4.16k 3.60 1.55, 5.75 (3.1-5.7)i
(2.92-3.94) (2.88-4.13) (3.87-4.48) (3.24-3.84) (2.57-4.95) (2.9-6.1)j (2.4-4.2)
ash 1.45 1.49 1.38 1.34 0.77, 2.22
(1.28-1.62) (1.32-1.75) (1.23-1.65) (1.25-1.50) (1.02-1.94) (1.1-3.9)i (1.2-1.8)
ADFl 3.72 3.60 3.21 3.03 1.96, 4.71
(3.14-5.17) (2.79-4.28) (2.63-3.87) (2.30-3.68) (2.46-6.33) (3.3-4.3)i (3.1-5.3)
NDFl 10.06 10.00 10.08 10.57 7.26, 14.64
(7.89-12.53) (8.25-15.42) (8.50-12.00) (9.35-11.63) (8.45-14.75) (8.3-11.9)i (9.6-15.3)
carbohydrates 82.76 82.29 82.39 83.73 79.38, 88.91 not reported
(80.71-84.33) (80.23-83.70) (80.49-84.57) (81.93-84.92) (82.18-88.14) in this form (81.7-86.3)
moisture 11.13 11.78 7.62 7.81 7.06, 9.53
(9.01-13.30) (8.56-14.80) (7.34-7.82) (7.55-8.28) (7.43-9.94) (7-23)i (9.4-15.8)
calcium 0.0047 0.0046 0.0053 0.0053 0.0028, 0.0082
(0.0037-0.0056) (0.0033-0.0058) (0.0050-0.0058) (0.0050-0.0058) (0.0039-0.0076) (0.01-0.1)i (0.003-0.006)
copper 1.79 1.90 1.89 1.83 0.45, 3.16
(1.19-2.37) (1.50-2.33) (1.77-1.99) (1.69-1.97) (1.16-2.78) (0.9-10)i nam
iron 22.71 22.95 22.73 21.81 10.60, 33.63
(19.08-25.94) (18.77-26.62) (17.43-26.91) (18.52-25.87) (15.42-29.34) (1-100)i na
magnesium 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.079, 0.16
(0.11-0.13) (0.11-0.13) (0.096-0.13) (0.10-0.12) (0.089-0.15) (0.09-1.0)i na
manganese 6.47 6.55 6.73 6.42 2.50, 12.03
(4.64-9.63) (4.96-8.83) (5.18-7.90) (5.63-7.32) (3.86-10.47) (0.7-54)i na
phosphorus 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.27, 0.42
(0.32-0.39) (0.32-0.39) (0.31-0.39) (0.32-0.37) (0.27-0.39) (0.26-0.75)i (0.288-0.363)
potassium 0.36 0.36 0.36k 0.38 0.31, 0.45
(0.35-0.39) (0.34-0.41) (0.34-0.38) (0.36-0.39) (0.32-0.45) (0.32-0.72)i na
zinc 28.35 28.72 23.78 23.21 9.89, 31.52
(20.23-33.17) (23.47-33.26) (15.95-31.45) (17.87-29.88) (13.51-27.98) (12-30)i na
a Data from five nonreplicated U.S. sites and two replicated U.S. sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup Ultra herbicide. b Data from two
replicated EU sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup (MON 52276) herbicide. c Percent dry weight of sample, except moisture as percent fresh
weight and copper, iron, manganese, and zinc as mg/kg of dry weight. d Nontransgenic control. e Commercial hybrids; local hybrids planted at each EU site. f Tolerance
interval is specified to contain 99% of the commercial line population, negative limits set to zero. g Range for nontransgenic control lines planted in Monsanto Co. field trials
conducted in 1993 and 1995. h Range denotes the lowest and highest individual values across sites. i Watson (55). j Jugenheimer (56). k Statistically significantly different
from the control at the 5% level (p < 0.05). l ADF, acid detergent fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber. m na ) not available.
Nutritional Profiles of Roundup Ready and Conventional Corns J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 2002 7237
Statistical analyses of the composition data were conducted using a
mixed model analysis of variance (randomized complete block design)
for a combination of all sites for 1998 data and a combination of the
two sites (L’Isle Jourdain, France, and Banarola, Italy) for the 1999
studies. The combined trial analysis used the model
where Yijk ) unique individual observation, U ) overall mean, Ti )
line effect, Lj ) random location effect, B(L)jk ) random block within
location effect, LTij ) random location by line interaction, and eijk )
residual error. In these analyses, corn event NK603 was compared to
the nontransgenic control. For each compositional measure, the p value
for a test of corn event NK603 mean equal to the control mean, the
observed difference of NK603 from the control, and lower and upper
95% confidence intervals for the mean difference of NK603 from the
control were calculated. Statistical significance was assigned at p <
0.05.
Compositional data from the commercial reference hybrids in the
1999 study were not included in the statistical analysis. However, a
range of the reference values was determined for each component.
Additionally, commercial reference data were used to develop population
tolerance intervals. A tolerance interval is an interval with a
specified degree of confidence, 100(1 - R)%, which contains at least
a specified proportion, p, of an entire sampled population for the
parameter measured. For each compositional analysis component,
tolerance intervals were calculated that are expected to contain, with
95% confidence, 99% of the values expressed in the population of
commercial lines. Because negative quantities are impossible, calculated
lower tolerance bounds were limited to zero. SAS software (42-44)
was used by Certus International, Inc., Chesterfield, MO, to generate
all summary statistics and perform all analyses. Additional analyses of
the individual replicated sites in 1998 with a randomized complete block
design (Jerseyville, IL, and New Holland, OH) and 1999 (L’Isle
Jourdain, France, and Banarola, Italy) were conducted, and the results
(data not shown) of these additional analyses were consistent with the
conclusions reached in this paper.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The safety assessment of genetically enhanced crops has
relied on a comparative approach focusing on similarities and
differences between the food and feed derived from genetically
enhanced crop and its conventional counterpart. In this paper
the nutritional composition of corn event NK603 was compared
with that of a nontransgenic control with a similar genetic
background that was grown in the same field trials in the United
States and Europe. The evaluation of differences was conducted
using a mixed model analysis of variance with statistical
significance assigned at the p < 0.05 level. In addition, the
compositional profile of corn event NK603 was compared with
those of traditional corn hybrids grown in Europe by calculating
a 99% tolerance interval to describe the compositional variability
in the population of conventional corn hybrids in the marketplace.
Finally, the composition values for corn event NK603
were compared with values obtained from the published
literature or historical conventional control values determined
in previous studies.
Proximate, Fiber, and Mineral Composition. Compositional
analysis results for corn grain and corn forage are
presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. These results
demonstrate that the levels of proximate components (protein,
ash, carbohydrate), fiber (ADF and NDF), and minerals
(calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and
zinc) in the grain and forage of corn event NK603 were
comparable to those in the grain and forage of the nontransgenic
control. In addition, these values were either within published
literature ranges, within the tolerance interval determined for
commercial varieties evaluated in the 1999 field trials, or within
the range of historical conventional control values determined
from previous studies. No measurable differences were observed
for the content of fat or potassium in forage data from either
1998 or 1999 field trials and the grain data from the 1998 field
trials. Although the contents of fat and potassium in the grain
of corn event NK603 were significantly different statistically
from those in the nontransgenic control in data from 1999 field
trials, the range of values for both analytes of corn event NK603
fell within the 99% tolerance interval for the commercial
varieties grown at the same field trials. These results demonstrate,
with a confidence level of 95%, that the levels of fat and
potassium for corn event NK603 were within the same population
as those of nontransgenic, commercially available corn
hybrids.
Amino Acid Composition. The content of the 18 amino acids
measured in the grain of corn event NK603 was comparable to
that in the grain of the nontransgenic control (Table 3). In
Table 2. Fiber and Proximate Composition of Forage from Corn Event NK603
1998a 1999b
componentc
NK603
mean
(range)h
controld
mean
(range)h
NK603
mean
(range)h
controld
mean
(range)h
commercial hybridse
tolerance intervalf
(range)h
historicalg
(range)
protein 7.14 6.80 8.71 8.86 4.02, 12.46
(5.57-8.98) (5.49-8.69) (6.37-10.79) (7.03-10.96) (4.98-11.56) (4.8-8.4)
ash 3.81 4.02 4.38 4.44 0, 12.47
(2.36-6.80) (2.46-6.28) (2.82-6.44) (3.35-5.80) (2.43-9.64) (2.9-5.1)
ADFi 25.72 24.84 23.53 22.07 9.80, 44.43
(17.01-33.52) (19.53-31.83) (19.27-26.13) (19.39-26.90) (17.54-38.31) (21.4-29.2)
NDFi 42.09 42.45 37.34 37.75 20.77, 61.87
(36.39-49.03) (35.44-53.24) (31.77-44.35) (34.85-41.86) (27.93-54.75) (39.9-46.6)
total fat 2.36 2.17 3.24 3.05 0.84, 4.80
(0.69-3.64) (0.61-3.42) (2.06-4.49) (2.09-4.02) (1.42-4.57) (1.4-2.1)
carbohydrates 86.71 87.11 83.67 83.65 75.55, 91.37
(82.68-90.32) (83.71-90.03) (80.43-87.53) (80.64-85.52) (76.50-87.29) (84.6-89.1)
moisture 67.02 66.24 67.53 66.30 45.40, 96.42
(60.30-75.00) (61.00-73.70) (61.60-75.20) (60.40-72.60) (56.50-80.40) (68.7-73.5)
a Data from five nonreplicated U.S. sites and two replicated U.S. sites; NK603 forage harvested from plants treated with Roundup Ultra herbicide. b Data from two
replicated EU sites; NK603 forage harvested from plants treated with Roundup (MON 52276) herbicide. c Percent dry weight of sample, except for moisture. d Nontransgenic
control. e Commercial hybrids; local hybrids planted at each site. f Tolerance interval is specified to contain 99% of the commercial line population, negative limits set to
zero. g Range for nontransgenic control lines planted in Monsanto Co. field trials conducted in 1994 and 1995. h Range denotes the lowest and highest individual values
across sites. i ADF, acid detergent fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.
Yijk ) U Ti Lj B(L)jk LTij eijk
7238 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 2002 Ridley et al.
addition, these values were either within published literature
ranges, within the 99% tolerance interval for commercial
varieties evaluated in 1999 field trials, or within the range of
historical conventional control values determined from previous
studies. Because EPSPS catalyzes a step in the aromatic amino
acid biosynthetic pathway, it was important to assess whether
expression of CP4 EPSPS influenced the levels of the aromatic
amino acids in corn event NK603. EPSPS is not the rate-limiting
step in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (45, 46) and, therefore,
greater EPSPS activity is unlikely to increase the levels of
aromatic compounds in plants. No statistically significant
differences were observed in the content of the aromatic amino
acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, between corn
event NK603 and the nontransgenic control in either 1998 or
1999 field trials (Table 3).
A majority of the amino acids in corn event NK603 were
comparable to the control in the 1999 field trials. However, small
statistically significant differences (1.1-6.4%) were observed
for alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, and
methionine (p < 0.05). No differences were found for these
amino acids in the 1998 field trials, and in all cases the range
of values found for corn event NK603 fell within the 99%
tolerance interval for conventional commercial varieties grown
in the same field trials (Table 3). These results demonstrate,
with a confidence level of 95%, that the levels of these amino
acids were within the same population as those of nontransgenic,
commercially available corn hybrids.
Fatty Acid Composition. The content of the fatty acids in
grain of corn event NK603 was comparable to that observed in
the grain of the nontransgenic control (Table 4). In addition,
these values were either within published literature ranges,
within the 99% tolerance interval determined for commercial
hybrids evaluated in 1999 field trials, or within the range of
historical conventional control values determined from previous
studies. Statistically significant differences between corn event
NK603 and the nontransgenic control were observed in the
levels of 18:1 oleic acid, 16:0 palmitic acid, and 18:0 stearic
acid for the 1998 field trials and 20:0 arachidic acid in the 1999
trials. In general, the magnitude of the differences was small
(2.6-4.8%), and in no case was a fatty acid level found to be
statistically different in corn event NK603 when compared to
the control for more than one year. Furthermore, the ranges of
Table 3. Amino Acid Composition of Grain from Corn Event NK603
1998b 1999c
amino acida
NK603
mean
(range)i
controld
mean
(range)i
NK603
mean
(range)i
controld
mean
(range)i
commercial hybridse
tolerance intervalf
(range)i
lit.g
(range)
historicalh
(range)i
alanine 7.93 7.89 8.04j 7.95 7.20, 8.35
(7.78-8.22) (7.65-8.17) (7.87-8.18) (7.88-8.05) (7.38-8.13) (6.4-9.9) (7.2-8.8)
arginine 4.16 4.24 4.00j 4.27 3.45, 5.03
(3.79-4.49) (3.90-4.63) (3.74-4.27) (4.09-4.36) (3.77-4.98) (2.9-5.9) (3.5-5.0)
aspartic acid 6.45 6.40 6.45 6.28 5.53, 7.61
(6.29-6.62) (6.18-6.56) (6.27-6.96) (6.18-6.37) (6.02-7.51) (5.8-7.2) (6.3-7.5)
cysteine/cystine 2.00 2.00 1.82 1.92 1.56, 2.43
(1.69-2.27) (1.63-2.22) (1.66-1.98) (1.61-2.09) (1.68-2.51) (1.2-1.6) (1.8-2.7)
glutamic acid 19.84 19.81 19.93j 19.40 18.03, 20.76
(19.16-20.47) (19.19-20.41) (18.98-20.62) (18.69-19.92) (18.38-20.08) (12.4-19.6) (18.6-22.8)
glycine 3.49 3.51 3.44 3.60 3.06, 4.15
(3.22-3.74) (3.22-3.86) (3.23-3.64) (3.44-3.77) (3.27-4.01) (2.6-4.7) (3.2-4.2)
histidine 2.72 2.74 2.65j 2.77 2.34, 3.36
(2.45-2.81) (2.56-2.88) (2.56-2.74) (2.69-2.85) (2.58-3.15) (2.0-2.8) (2.8-3.4)
isoleucine 3.87 3.80 3.77 3.76 3.35, 3.97
(3.59-4.06) (3.65-3.93) (3.54-3.97) (3.61-3.85) (3.34-3.85) (2.6-4.0) (3.2-4.3)
leucine 14.20 14.07 14.02 13.69 11.73, 14.76
(13.63-14.79) (13.59-14.60) (13.38-14.71) (13.27-13.96) (12.18-14.34) (7.8-15.2) (12.0-15.8)
lysine 2.69 2.67 2.71j 2.83 2.22, 3.68
(2.42-2.96) (2.35-3.00) (2.37-3.03) (2.56-3.20) (2.58-3.67) (2.0-3.8) (2.6-3.5)
methionine 1.94 2.03 1.77j 1.89 1.39, 2.49
(1.76-2.16) (1.74-2.21) (1.66-1.85) (1.67-2.06) (1.49-2.32) (1.0-2.1) (1.3-2.6)
phenylalanine 5.32 5.24 5.28 5.25 4.59, 5.61
(5.18-5.52) (5.09-5.36) (5.13-5.46) (5.20-5.29) (4.85-5.54) (2.9-5.7) (4.9-6.1)
proline 8.88 8.96 9.33 9.16 8.61, 10.09
(8.44-9.10) (8.59-9.26) (8.89-9.71) (8.83-9.31) (8.74-9.91) (6.6-10.3) (8.7-10.1)
serine 4.87 4.86 4.84 4.90 4.36, 5.19
(4.72-5.09) (4.68-4.99) (4.47-5.17) (4.82-5.09) (4.41-5.22) (4.2-5.5) (4.9-6.0)
threonine 3.37 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.14, 3.69
(3.26-3.46) (3.19-3.50) (3.14-3.57) (3.15-3.50) (3.24-3.66) (2.9-3.9) (3.3-4.2)
tryptophan 0.53 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.45, 0.76
(0.44-0.58) (0.48-0.60) (0.49-0.64) (0.57-0.69) (0.49-0.79) (0.5-1.2) (0.4-1.0)
tyrosine 3.02 3.25 3.24 3.52 3.00, 4.03
(2.36-3.73) (2.43-3.64) (2.11-3.65) (2.69-3.69) (2.32-3.90) (2.9-4.7) (3.7-4.3)
valine 4.74 4.71 4.81 4.90 4.64, 5.38
(4.59-4.85) (4.62-4.94) (4.55-5.00) (4.74-5.04) (4.65-5.29) (2.1-5.2) (4.2-5.3)
a Values expressed as percent of total amino acids for statistical comparisons. b Data from five nonreplicated U.S. sites and two replicated U.S. sites; NK603 grain
harvested from plants treated with Roundup Ultra herbicide. c Data from two replicated EU sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup (MON 52276)
herbicide. d Nontransgenic control. e Commercial hybrids; local hybrids planted at each EU site. f Tolerance interval is specified to contain 99% of the commercial line
population, negative limits set to zero. g Watson (57). Values are percent of total protein. h Range for nontransgenic control lines planted in Monsanto Co. field trials
conducted between 1993 and 1995; values are percent of total protein. i Range denotes the lowest and highest individual values across sites. j Value statistically significantly
different than the control at the 5% level (p < 0.05).
Nutritional Profiles of Roundup Ready and Conventional Corns J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 2002 7239
values found for these fatty acids were in all cases within the
99% tolerance interval for the commercial varieties grown in
the 1999 field trials, demonstrating that corn event NK603 was
within the same population as conventional, commercially
available corn hybrids.
Phytic Acid, Trypsin Inhibitor, and Vitamin E Composition.
Phytic acid, the hexakis-o-phosphate of myo-inositol, is
widely distributed in plants (47). Seeds accumulate up to 90%
of stored organic phosphate as phytic acid, and it limits uptake
of minerals such as calcium in higher animals. The trypsin
inhibitors in several hybrids of corn have been compared and
found to be similar in physicochemical and immunological
properties (48). The trypsin inhibitors of soybeans have been
well studied and affect the nutritive value of raw soybeans (49);
however, the soybean levels of these materials are significantly
higher than those measured in corn. Corn is also considered to
be a good source of vitamin E (50).
The content of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, and vitamin E
in the grain of corn event NK603 was comparable with that
observed in the grain of the nontransgenic control (Table 5).
In addition, these values were either within published literature
ranges, within the 99% tolerance interval for the commercial
varieties in the 1999 field trials, or within the range of historical
conventional control values determined from previous studies.
Table 4. Fatty Acid Composition of Grain from Corn Event NK603
1998b 1999c
fatty acida
NK603
mean
(range)i
controld
mean
(range)i
NK603
mean
(range)i
controld
mean
(range)i
commercial hybridse
tolerance intervalf
(range)i
lit.g
(range)
historicalg
(range)h
arachidic (20:0) 0.36 0.37 0.36j 0.35 0.17, 0.64
(0.34-0.39) (0.33-0.40) (0.34-0.39) (0.33-0.37) (0.31-0.74) (0.1-2) (0.3-0.5)
behenic (22:0) 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.093, 0.24
(0.14-0.19) (0.14-0.19) (0.12-0.20) (0.15-0.19) (0.073-0.22) (not reported) (0.1-0.3)
eicosenoic (20:1) 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.21, 0.42
(0.28-0.32) (0.27-0.34) (0.28-0.34) (0.28-0.31) (0.26-0.40) (not reported) (0.2-0.3)
linoleic (18:2) 64.62 64.26 63.73 63.15 44.59, 73.50
(63.79-65.80) (63.07-65.65) (61.94-65.25) (61.63-64.04) (49.72-65.98) (35-70) (55.9-66.1)
linolenic (18:3) 1.11 1.11 1.02 1.09 0.54, 1.72
(1.07-1.17) (1.07-1.20) (0.97-1.05) (1.05-1.12) (0.71-1.50) (0.8-2) (0.8-1.1)
oleic (18:1) 22.40j 23.08 23.80 24.20 12.65, 39.86
(21.37-23.12) (22.15-24.14) (22.82-24.95) (23.52-25.56) (20.21-34.64) (20-46) (20.6-27.5)
palmitic (16:0) 9.13j 8.89 8.90 9.00 7.35, 14.72
(8.67-9.57) (8.41-9.44) (8.47-9.36) (8.89-9.13) (9.12-12.62) (7-19) (9.9-12.0)
stearic (18:0) 1.92j 1.83 1.73 1.74 1.02, 2.27
(1.80-2.06) (1.67-1.98) (1.59-1.88) (1.67-1.81) (1.19-2.02) (1-3) (1.4-2.2)
a Value of fatty acids expressed as % of total fatty acid. The method included the analysis of the following fatty acids, which were not detected in the majority of samples
analyzed: caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), myristoleic acid (14:1), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), pentadecenoic acid (15:1),
palmitoleic acid (16:1), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), heptadecenoic acid (17:1), gamma linolenic (18:3), eicosadienoic acid (20:2), eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), and arachidonic
acid (20:4). b Data from five nonreplicated U.S. sites and two replicated U.S. sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup Ultra herbicide. c Data from
two replicated EU sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup (MON 52276) herbicide. d Nontransgenic control. e Commercial hybrids; local hybrids
planted at each EU site. f Tolerance interval is specified to contain 99% of the commercial line population, negative limits set to zero. g Watson (57). Values expressed as
% of total fat except for palmitic acid (16:1), which is expressed as % of triglyceride fatty acids. h Range for nontransgenic control lines planted in Monsanto Co. field trials
conducted between 1993 and 1995; values are expressed as % of total fatty acids. i Range denotes the lowest and highest individual values across sites. j Statistically
significantly different from the control at the 5% level (p < 0.05).
Table 5. Phytic Acid, Trypsin Inhibitor, Vitamin E, and Secondary Metabolite Content of Grain from Corn Event NK603
1998a 1999b
component
NK603
mean
(range)h
controlc
mean
(range)h
NK603
mean
(range)h
controlc
mean
(range)h
commercial hybridsd
tolerance intervale
(range)h
lit.f
(range)
historicalg
(range)
phytic acid 0.97 1.00 0.79 0.70 0.32, 1.18
(% dw) (0.70-1.06) (0.81-1.21) (0.51-0.89) (0.55-0.77) (0.48-1.12) to 0.9% nai
trypsin inhibitor 3.16 2.67 1.56 1.15 0, 3.63
(TIU/mg dw) (2.34-5.08) (1.39-5.14) (0.54-2.57) (0.54-2.38) (0.54-4.13) na na
vitamin E 0.0088 0.0090 0.0062 0.0070 0, 0.021
(mg/g of dw) (0.0070-0.010) (0.0064-0.011) (0.0046-0.0080) (0.0050-0.014) (0.0027-0.015) (0.017-0.047) (0.008-0.015)
ferulic acid 0.20 0.20 na na na
(% dw) (0.15-0.25) (0.17-0.23) na (0.17-0.27)j
p-coumaric acid 0.016 0.015 na na na
(% dw) (0.012-0.022) (0.012-0.020) na (0.011-0.030)j
raffinose 0.13 0.13 na na na
(% dw) (0.098-0.20) (0.082-0.21) na (0.053-0.16)j
a Data from five nonreplicated U.S. sites and two replicated U.S. sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup Ultra herbicide. b Data from two
replicated EU sites; NK603 grain harvested from plants treated with Roundup (MON 52276) herbicide. c Nontransgenic control. d Commercial hybrids; local hybrids planted
at each EU site. e Tolerance interval is specified to contain 99% of the commercial line population, negative limits set to zero. f Watson (50). g Range for nontransgenic
control hybrids planted in Monsanto Co. field trials conducted between 1993 and 1995. h Range denotes the lowest and highest individual values across sites for each line.
i na, not available. j Range for 13 commercial varieties planted in Monsanto Co. field trials or purchased from growers in 1998.
7240 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 2002 Ridley et al.
No measurable differences in the levels of these analytes
between corn event NK603 and the nontransgenic control were
observed in the data from both 1998 and 1999 field trials.
Secondary Metabolite Composition. The secondary metabolites,
2-furaldehyde, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and
raffinose, are present in corn grain or processed corn components.
Acid hydrolysis of the pentosans contained in corncobs,
oat hulls, and other crop residues are a major source of
2-furaldehyde (furfural) (51). Ferulic and p-coumaric acids are
derived from aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, and tyrosine,
in plants (52) and serve as precursors for a large group of
phenylpropanoid compounds including flavonoids and coumarins.
Raffinose is a nondigestible oligosaccharide that is
considered to be an antinutrient due to gas production and
resulting flatulence caused by its consumption (53).
The levels of 2-furaldehyde were below the limit of quantitation
(<0.5 ppm of fresh weight) for all corn grain samples
analyzed from the 1998 field trials. The levels of ferulic acid,
p-coumaric acid, and raffinose in the grain of corn event NK603
were comparable with the levels found in the grain from the
nontransgenic control (Table 5). No statistically significant
differences were observed in the comparisons conducted for the
1998 field trials. These secondary metabolites were not analyzed
in the grain samples from the 1999 trials.
Conclusions. The results of compositional analyses generated
from nine field sites over a period of two years demonstrate
that the grain and forage of corn event NK603 are comparable
in their composition with those of the nontransgenic control
and conventional corn varieties. The use of multiyear data and
incorporation of reference corn hybrids into field trials suggests
that the few statistically significant differences observed are
unlikely to be of biological relevance. Moreover, the composition
of corn event NK603 was shown to fall within the 99%
tolerance interval for components in 19 nontransgenic commercial
corn hybrids grown as part of the 1999 field trials in
Europe and within the ranges of values reported for nontransgenic
corn in the literature as well as in historical data. These
latter comparisons are important and relevant because it is well
recognized that the composition of any crop, including corn,
varies as a result of many factors, including variety, growing
conditions, and methods of analysis. The values for components
in corn event NK603 all fell within the range of natural
variability found in nontransgenic corn hybrids.
The analysis of the data reported herein illustrates that the
tolerance interval is a useful statistical tool that can account for
extant natural variability in any measured parameter, especially
food and feed nutritional profiles as measured by biochemical
composition. From the perspective of safety assessment, the
biochemical sampling described in this paper provides a robust
measure of unexpected effects due to the insertion of the cp4
epsps genes into the corn genome. It has been shown, by targeted
nutritional analysis, that the genetic enhancement of conventional
corn to produce corn event NK603 did not produce
significant changes in 51 biologically and nutritionally important
components. Also, feeding performance studies in broiler
chickens (54) have demonstrated that corn event NK603 is
equivalent in nutritive value to conventional corn. On the basis
of the principle of substantial equivalence as articulated by the
World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, and the United Nations Food
and Agriculture Organization, these data support the conclusion
that Roundup Ready corn event NK603 is as safe and nutritious
as conventional varieties of corn on the market today.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank the Monsanto Field Agronomy group and the many
field cooperators for conducting field trials and the Monsanto
Product Characterization group for the molecular characterization
of the test and control substances; Chantal Van Bellinghen
of Monsanto Europe for managing the EU field trials; Monsanto’s
Sample Preparation Group for preparing corn samples
for analysis; Susan Riordan of Monsanto and Roy Sorbet of
Certus International, Inc., for statistical expertise; Maureen
Mackey and Denise Schneider for help in drafting the manuscript;
Cherian George for help in assembling and analyzing
the data; and Roy ***hs, Sheila Schuette, and Linda Lahman
for critical review of the manuscript.
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JF0205662

[oneoff]

Now here's the direct link to the research journal from which the previous post was copied. Since the relevant tables didn't copy in a very readable format; direct access for believers is recommended.

http://cera-gmc.org/docs/articles/09-215-018.pdf

Please quote the the dowsers "bobs per second" at the pendulum length used when refuting this data ; and make sure that the analysis was conducted on corn and not some inert material that consisted of some mysterious "ether".

The showing of utter stupidity apparently has no bounds. And the extent of this nonsense being accepted is taggering. Can there be any hope of common knowledge ever progressing in supposedly enlightened times?

[oneoff]

And for those who don't know what a wet paper bag is; let alone how to find their way out; the first two numbers following the chemical element are the average mineral analysis for a GMO corn followed by a conventional corn analysis for the same parameter for 1998. The next two numbers are the same analysis performed on similar samples in 1999. Other columns and rows contain min and max values over several years; and hybrid corn data.

As you can see; it doesn't much matter whether the first column was the GMO sample; or if it was the second column. They are nearly identical in value within each year. Perhaps you can relate to this phenomenon because your protein samples similarly are somewhat affected by yearly environmental conditions. They do not vary by a factor of 146 (or such wide differences). If they do; its time to retest and find out where the gross testing error occurred (and that means retesting everything to rule out such sources of error from an experiment. There is some variablitity between years and the absolute extreme test results ever found and reported. It doesn't commonly approach factors of ten (or as alleged 100 fold). Spreading such bull shit by anyone must be exposed. It is untruthul; deceitful and should absolutely ruin any future credibilty when deliberately repeated. Shame on the authors.....


Table 1. Fiber, Mineral, and Proximate Composition of Grain from Corn Event NK603
1998a 1999b
componentc
NK603 mean (range)h controld mean (range)h NK603 mean (range)h controld mean (range)h commercial hybridse tolerance intervalf (range)h lit. (range) historicalg (range)h

calcium 0.0047 0.0046 0.0053 0.0053 0.0028, 0.0082 (0.0037-0.0056) (0.0033-0.0058) (0.0050-0.0058) (0.0050-0.0058) (0.0039-0.0076) (0.01-0.1)i (0.003-0.006)
magnesium 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.079, 0.16 (0.11-0.13) (0.11-0.13) (0.096-0.13) (0.10-0.12) (0.089-0.15) (0.09-1.0)i na
manganese 6.47 6.55 6.73 6.42 2.50, 12.03 (4.64-9.63) (4.96-8.83) (5.18-7.90) (5.63-7.32) (3.86-10.47) (0.7-54)i na
phosphorus 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.27, 0.42 (0.32-0.39) (0.32-0.39) (0.31-0.39) (0.32-0.37) (0.27-0.39) (0.26-0.75)i (0.288-0.363)
potassium 0.36 0.36 0.36k 0.38 0.31, 0.45 (0.35-0.39) (0.34-0.41) (0.34-0.38) (0.36-0.39) (0.32-0.45) (0.32-0.72)i na

[oneoff]

This all reminds me of a friend who told me that the reverse osmosis water treatment salesman had tested his deep well water and found in excess of 4000 ppm of aluminum. Of course a reverse osmosis unit was put in and the aluminum levels dropped to within drinking water standards.

My reply was that he had a "goldmine" on his hands; and he should have considered selling water directly to a scrap metal recycler. Even better, would be to save the "aluminum laden wastewater" from the reverse osmosis unit as it obviously would have several times higher concentration. It would have to be well on its way to directly roll out as aircraft aluminum. And there must be cetain levels at which water would become saturated with aluminum ions and it might even precipitate out. Clearly something (or nothing) was going on.

Sometimes we just have to not be gullable. There is nonsense that one can immediately challenge as being to good to be true or also beyond belief. At least demand that it sounds like there could be some truth before swallowing wild stories; testimonials and "facts" from those who know nothing about the subject they are claiming to be an expert on.
The challenge is if individuals can tell the difference.

[oneoff]

Here's the papers summary as it pertains to the claims made in the initial post that stated this thread.

REFUTE AWAY

My prediction is that only the mesenger; and science itself with feel an attack

I'm driven to say that we are surrounded by complete asses. Apologies to that particular species; since they do not deserve to be placed in the same category.


Quote:......
Proximate, Fiber, and Mineral Composition. Compositional
analysis results for corn grain and corn forage are
presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. These results
demonstrate that the levels of proximate components (protein,
ash, carbohydrate), fiber (ADF and NDF), and minerals
(calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and
zinc) in the grain and forage of corn event NK603 were
comparable to those in the grain and forage of the nontransgenic
control. In addition, these values were either within published
literature ranges, within the tolerance interval determined for
commercial varieties evaluated in the 1999 field trials, or within
the range of historical conventional control values determined
from previous studies. No measurable differences were observed
for the content of fat or potassium in forage data from either
1998 or 1999 field trials and the grain data from the 1998 field
trials. Although the contents of fat and potassium in the grain
of corn event NK603 were significantly different statistically
from those in the nontransgenic control in data from 1999 field
trials, the range of values for both analytes of corn event NK603
fell within the 99% tolerance interval for the commercial
varieties grown at the same field trials. These results demonstrate,
with a confidence level of 95%, that the levels of fat and
potassium for corn event NK603 were within the same population
as those of nontransgenic, commercially available corn
hybrids.

[oneoff]

Lets follow the trail and see where the bull sit leads

You start with the infowars.com website given in te initial post away up at the top of the thread.


It gives the foolwing information.....
QUOTE

The owners of the blog MomsAcrossAmerica.com say the report was shared with them by De Dell Seed Company, Canada's only non-GMO corn seed supplier, which obtained it from a Minnesota-based agricultural company called ProfitPro. Overall, the paper found that non-GMO corn is 20 times richer in nutrition, energy and protein compared to GMO corn.





Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/039864_GMO_corn_nutrients_minerals.html#ixzz2R3hx9 dUi

[oneoff]

Now a couple of paragraphs further down (in the same report as above we run across this conflicting set of statements.
QUOTE
The disparity was even worse for magnesium, which tested at a mere 0.2 ppm in GMO corn. In non-GMO corn, however, magnesium levels were found to be 46 times higher than in non-GMO corn. Similar variances were observed for calcium, sulfur and manganese as well, with the contents of each being 12.4, 14, and seven times higher, respectively.

UNQUOTE

so for calcium there is a 12.4 times higher level in non-GMO corn. Yet it turns into a 140 times greater difference (and an unheard of 6000 plus parts per million) in the next itineration.



Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/039864_GMO_corn_nutrients_minerals.html#ixzz2R3kOy gr2E...

[oneoff]

Closer examination of the second line of that same quote above clearly says Quote....In non-GMO corn, however, magnesium levels were found to be 46 times higher than in non-GMO corn.

Comparing non-GMO corn to non-GMO corn really proves that the author is having difficulty keeping the lies straight.


Her's the full "summary" again. QUOTE
The disparity was even worse for magnesium, which tested at a mere 0.2 ppm in GMO corn. In non-GMO corn, however, magnesium levels were found to be 46 times higher than in non-GMO corn. Similar variances were observed for calcium, sulfur and manganese as well, with the contents of each being 12.4, 14, and seven times higher, respectively.